Index to Knowledge Representation

This web page contains an index to the book Knowledge Representation by John F. Sowa. It consists of an index of names, an index of subjects, and a list of special symbols. All page numbers refer to the printed edition. Names and subjects displayed in blue have hypertext links to web pages that contain further information about the corresponding persons and topics. Please send any additions or corrections to those links to John Sowa.

Names: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z.

Subjects: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z.

Name Index

A

Alchourrón, Carlos: 388
Allen, James F.: 114
Amarel, Saul: 416, 459
Anderson, Alan Ross: 290
Apel, Karl-Otto: 66
Apt, Krzysztof R.: 383
Aquinas, Thomas, St.: 333
Arieti, Silvano: 66, 67
Aristotle: 1-2, 4, 6, 9, 12-13, 19, 26, 40, 49, 51, 55-58, 63-64, 67, 91, 98, 110, 114, 116, 143, 153, 178, 192-193, 195, 265, 270, 287, 311, 331, 333, 337, 343, 345, 356, 357, 361, 384
Augustine, St.: 206, 227
Avicenna (Ibn Sina): 261

B

Badler, Norman I.: 333, 335
Bartlett, Frederic C.: 144
Barwise, Jon: 285, 287, 310
Belnap, Nuel D.: 290
Bergson, Henri: 114, 116
Bernays, Paul: 10
Beth, Evert: 301, 462
Blair, Howard A.: 383
Bobrow, Daniel: 145
Bogart, Humphrey: 179
Bohr, Niels: 268, 388
Booch, Grady: 436
Boole, George: 8-9, 299
Borges, Jorge Luis: 386
Borgo, Stefano: 121
Born, Max: 118, 263
Brachman, Ronald: 7, 151-154, 187
Bratman, Michael: 337, 338
Brentano, Franz: 56-57, 60-62, 64
Brooks, Rodney: 187, 331, 333
Brouwer, L. E. J.: 102
Buchanan, Bruce G.: 200
Bunt, Harry: 103
Burke, Edmund: 513
Burnstine, Donald: 451

C

Cantor, Georg: 100-104
Carnap, Rudolf: 42, 342, 537

Carriero, Nicholas: 239
Casati, Roberto: 129
Ceccato, Silvio: 207

Chamberlin, Don: 166

Chandrasekaran, B.: 369
Chen, Peter P.: 423
Chomsky, Noam: 293
Church, Alonzo: 22, 480
Cicero, Marcus Tullius: 2
Cohen, Philip R.: 337
Cohn, Anthony: 123, 374
Colmerauer, Alain: 157
Confucius: 56
Craik, Kenneth: 364

Cyre, Walling: 141

D


Dahl, Ole-Johan: 171
Davidson, Donald: 206
Davis, Randall: 134
Devlin, Keith: 126, 288, 313
Dick, Judith: 507
Dijkstra, Edsger W.: 230, 522
Dinsmore, John: 400
Doyle, Jon: 376, 381
Dreyfus, Hubert: 400
Dunn, J. Michael: 311

E

Eco, Umberto: 66
Eddington, Arthur Stanley: 117
Einstein, Albert: 117
Elkan, Charles: 372
Ellis, Gerard: 329
Empedocles: 123
Etherington, David: 381
Euclid: 93, 94, 110, 112

F

Faggin, Federico: 256
Fahlman, Scott: 224, 381
Fellbaum, Christiane: 412
Fikes, Richard E.: 25, 153, 247, 251
Flores, Fernando: 401
Fraenkel, Adolf: 101
Frege, Gottlob: 9-11, 13, 18-19, 40, 43-44, 47, 192-193, 195, 352
Frijda, Nico H.: 330, 332
Frost, Robert: 348, 349
Fuchs, Norbert: 457

G

Ganter, Bernhard: 74
Gärdenfors, Peter: 388
Gautama Buddha: 56
Geertz, Clifford: 355
Gelernter, David: 237, 239
Genesereth, Michael R.: 25
Gentzen, Gerhard: 301, 307
Georgeff, Michael: 338
Gergely, Tamás: 42, 46
Giarratano, Joseph: 199
Ginsberg, Matthew: 338
Glasgow, Janice: 399
Gödel, Kurt: 101, 298
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von: 178
Goldstein, Ira P.: 145
Goldstine, Herman H.: 218, 431
Goodman, Nelson: 102, 106
Gray, J. Glenn: 66
Green, Cordell: 246
Grice, Paul: 282
Grosof, Benjamin: 381, 382, 405
Gruber, Thomas R.: 145
Grünwald, Peter: 253
Guarino, Nicola: 121
Guha, R. V.: 54, 66, 97, 184, 187, 287, 375, 444

H

Haack, Susan: 371
Halpin, T. A.: 79, 423
Hamlyn, D. W.: 333
Hamming, Richard: 408
Hanks, Steve: 249
Hansen, Hans Robert: 438
Hayes, Patrick J.: 114, 145, 187, 247, 353
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: 59-60, 67
Heidegger, Martin: 65-66, 400, 401
Hendrix, Gary: 279
Heraclitus: 55-56, 63, 67-69, 71, 90, 267, 270, 361
Hewitt, Carl: 157, 330
Hilbert, David: 94, 101
Hintikka, Jaakko: 310
Hoare, C. A. R.: 221
Hobbs, Jerry: 122
Husserl, Edmund: 62-63, 65, 68, 88, 129

I

Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din: 356-358

J

Jacobson, Ivar: 436
James, William: 265, 284, 287, 288, 342
Jennings, Nicholas: 330
Jensen, Kurt: 235
John the Evangelist: 56, 542

K

Kamp, Hans: 13, 278, 517
Kant, Immanuel: 14, 57-61, 64, 66-67, 132, 144, 360-361, 363
Karigane: 339
Karp, Peter: 145
Katz, Jerrold J.: 449
Konolige, Kurt: 338
Kowalski, Robert: 29, 157, 248, 338
Kripke, Saul: 284, 308-309
Kronecker, Leopold: 102
Kuipers, Benjamin J.: 253

L

Lakoff, George: 411
Lambert, Karel: 384
Langford, C. H.: 27
Lao-Tzu: 56
Lehmann, Fritz: 374
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: 6-8, 11, 43, 48, 69, 73, 134, 143, 215, 247-248, 250, 292, 307-309, 329, 378, 408, 409, 492
Lenat, Douglas: 54, 66, 97, 109, 184, 187, 294, 375, 412, 444
Leonard, H. S.: 106
Les`niewski, Stanisl`aw: 103-106, 127

Levesque, Hector: 149, 153, 337, 338
Levin, Beth: 447
Levi, Isaac: 388
Lewis, Clarence Irving: 26, 27, 308
Lindenbaum, Adolf: 96
L`ukasiewicz, Jan: 364, 366
Lull, Ramon: 4-7, 67, 240

M

MacGregor, Robert: 155
Maida, Anthony: 293
Makinson, David: 388
Malcolm, Norman: 195
Manzano, María: 42
Marcus, Ruth Barcan: 27
Masolo, Claudio: 121
McCarthy, John: 42, 187, 245-247, 249, 286-287, 298, 314, 377-378, 416, 444, 460
McDermott, Drew: 152, 168, 249, 376
Miller, George A.: 412
Mills, Don Harper: 346
Mill, John Stuart: 362, 363
Minsky, Marvin: 144-145, 151, 364, 392
Moffat, David: 330, 332
Montague, Richard: 284, 342, 526, 537
Moore, Robert C.: 211, 379
Moravcsik, Julius: 507
Morris, Charles: 395
Mühlbacher, Robert: 438

N

NCITS T2 committee: 25, 424, 513
Neumann, Gustaf: 438
Newell, Allen: 144, 157
Newton, Isaac: 6, 215, 232, 262, 359, 388
Nijssen, G. M.: 79, 423
Nilsson, Nils: 247, 251
Nixon, Richard: 349, 367, 372, 380, 391, 406
Nussbaum, Martha: 333
Nygaard, Kristen: 171

O

Ockham, William of: 78
Ogden, Charles Kay: 192
Opus, Ronald: 347, 542-543

P

Parsons, Terence: 207
Partee, Barbara Hall: 50
Pascal, Blaise: 8, 352
Peano, Giuseppe: 11, 19
Pearl, Judea: 253, 261, 365
Peirce, Charles Sanders: 1, 8-11, 18-19, 23, 26, 28, 47, 51, 60-68, 75, 79, 81, 88, 96, 100, 192-193, 195, 265, 267, 275-277, 279, 285, 288-289, 292, 294-297, 299-300, 303, 307-308, 337, 343, 348, 372, 389-390, 394-396, 398-402, 488, 492, 528, 540-541
Pereira, Fernando: 52, 159
Perry, John: 285, 287, 310
Peter of Spain (Petrus Hispanus): 4, 153
Petri, Carl Adam: 217
Petrie, Charles J.: 53
Petroski, Henry: 403
Philo of Alexandria: 542
Plato: 1, 55-56, 63-64, 89-90, 270, 356, 384
Pope John XXI: see Peter of Spain
Porphyry: 4
Przymusinski, Teodor: 379
Ptolemy: 356, 358
Pustejovsky, James: 507
Putnam, Hilary: 333

Q

Quillian, M. Ross: 207, 224
Quine, Willard Van Orman: 41, 42, 51, 67, 90, 102, 309, 342, 343, 496

R

Ramackers, Guus: 438, 465
Rao, Anand: 338
Rapaport, William: 293
Reichenbach, Hans: 340
Reich, Barry D.: 333, 335

Reiter, Ray: 338, 376-379, 381
Reyle, Uwe: 278
Richards, Ivor Armstrong: 192
Rieger, Chuck: 253
Riley, Gary: 199
Roberts, Don D.: 297
Roberts, R. Bruce: 145
Robinson, J. Alan: 301, 306
Rosenberg, Duska: 126
Rumbaugh, James: 436
Ruspini, Enrique: 365
Russell, Bertrand: 11, 13, 28, 41, 59, 63, 100, 102, 110, 295, 352, 359, 475

S

Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de: 61
Sandewall, Erik: 216-217, 239, 262
Saussure, Ferdinand de: 394, 395
Schank, Roger C.: 66, 207, 293
Schmolze, James G.: 152
Schoppers, Marcel: 338
Shrobe, Howard: 134
Schröder, Ernst: 11, 28, 62
Schwitter, Rolf: 457
Searle, John: 79, 80, 398, 399
Selz, Otto: 144
Sextus Empiricus: 356, 358-359
Shannon, Claude: 68, 117
Shapiro, Stuart C.: 293
Shortliffe, Edward H.: 157, 200, 365, 367, 368
Shusai, Honinbo: 339
Simon, Herbert A.: 144, 157, 196, 241, 248
Simons, Peter: 118
Slagle, James: 140
Smith, Brian Cantwell: 363-364
Smith, Benjamin E.: 492
Socrates: 1, 351, 356
Somers, Harold: 506
Sowa, John F.: 23, 188, 507
Spivey, J. M.: 436
Steele, Thomas: 420
Sussman, Gerald: 168
Szolovits, Peter: 134

T

Talmy, Leonard: 123
Tarski, Alfred: 40, 106, 110-116, 121, 128-129, 316, 318, 384
Tesler, Lawrence G.: 207
Thomason, Rich: 381
Thoreau, Henry David: 408, 409
Touretzky, David: 381
Troelstra, Anne Sjerp: 254
Turing, Alan: 466

U

Úry, Tamás: 42, 46

V

van Emden, Maarten: 157

Van Gelder, Allen: 383
Varzi, Achille: 129
Velardi, Paola: 181
Vendler, Zeno: 447
Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet): 309
von Neumann, John: 101-102, 104, 218, 431

W

Waismann, Friedrich: 361, 363
Walker, Adrian: 160, 200, 383, 535, 545
Warren, David H. D.: 52, 159
Weber, Bonnie L.: 333, 335
Whewell, William: 361, 363
Whitehead, Alfred North: 11, 28, 41, 63-69, 71-72, 75, 79, 103, 110, 114, 129, 206, 263, 265, 267, 270-271, 348-349, 359, 373, 467, 474
Wierzbicka, Anna: 123
Wille, Rudolf: 74
Winograd, Terry: 145, 157, 171, 200, 401
Wintraecken, J. J.: 423
Wittgenstein, Ludwig: 101, 195, 350, 361, 363, 400
Woods, William A.: 152-153
Wooldridge, Michael: 330
Wright, J. R.: 154

Y

Yokoi, Toshio: 412

Z

Zachman, John: 188, 190
Zadeh, Lotfi: 365, 366-368, 372
Zeno of Elea: 116
Zermelo, Ernst: 101

Subject Index

A

abduction: 245, 389-391
abnormality: 377
absorption: 472
absurd theory: 387
absurdity: 499
access-limited logic: 19; see also linear logic
accessibility relation: 308-312, 338
accompaniment relation (Accm): 503
accomplishment verb: 447
achievement verb: 447
activation: 220
activity diagram: 218, 235, 437
actual entity (ousia): 56, 63-64, 68, 73, 78, 87, 507
actuality: 68-70, 72, 73, 88, 499, 502
acyclic graph: 130
adjectives modifying nouns: 81, 83
adverbial modifier: 211
agenda: 236; see also bulletin board
agent: autonomous 172, 330; with beliefs, desires, and intentions (BDI) 337-338; communication language for 330; rational 337-339; reactive 330, 333, 337-339; relation (Agnt) 35-36, 64-65, 182, 207, 272, 337, 508; psychology of 330-334
aggregate: 104-110, 122, 127-128
AI complete problem: 413
alignment: 409, 411, 493-497
alternativity relation: 310
ambiguity: 177-178, 183, 204, 275, 286, 350-353, 365, 507
amount relation (Amt): 35, 503
analog control system: 370-371
analogy: 386
antisymmetry: 96
appetite (epithymia): 332-333, 337
argument relation (Arg): 503
Aristotle's four causes (aitia): 507; final cause 265, 507
Ars Magna: 4, 7
aspect: 214
assertional reasoner (A-box): 7, 153-155
associativity: 472
atom: 103, 107, 470
attention: 62, 79, 333, 356
attribute: accidental 126, 357; choice of 442-445, 531; default 380; metalevel 436; relation (Attr) 32, 71, 89, 93, 183, 207-209, 212, 433-434, 504-505
autoepistemic logic: 379
automatic programming: 413
axioms: Alchourrón, Gärdenfors, and Makinson's (AGM) 388; and categories 76-77; and ontologies 412; Born's 118, 264, 537; constraints as 93, 135; deductive closure 388, 389; Euclid's 93; for abstractions 76; for modal logic 26-27; for physical entities 76; for purpose 74, 273; for the U.S. government 109; for top-level categories 77, 498-502; Hilbert's 94; Tarski's 113; weaker and stronger 27

B

background knowledge: 124, 133, 179-180, 204, 319-320, 347, 415
backtracking: 157-160
Backus-Naur form (BNF): 430
backward chaining: 138, 144, 156-157, 161, 165, 168, 171, 199-200
Barcan formula: 27
base relation (Base): 504
because relation (Bcas): 504
Begriffsschrift: 9-11, 19, 43-44
belief network: 253
belief revision: see theory revision
beneficiary relation (Benf): 508
BIAIT: 451, 464
bipartite graph: 478
blackboard: see bulletin board
blank graph: 476
blocks world: 52
body part: 349
Boolean: algebra 8-9, 12, 96, 100, 103; operator 9, 17, 19-20, 41, 43, 47, 100, 164, 187, 467-470; value 442-443
bound: concept 284; labels 487; occurrence 472; variable 471, 473
boundary: 110-111, 119-121, 350-351
bowtie inconsistency: 411
broader-narrower hierarchy: 494
bulletin board: 236, 239, 257-258, 262; manager 237, 257
business rules: 451
but test: 449-450

C

calculus of individuals: see mereology, Goodman's version
canonical form: 292
cardinality: 101
cascading update: 166
case relation: see thematic role
case-based reasoning: 358
catalog of individuals: 487
categories: 68, 97-98; abstract 68, 69, 71, 75, 76, 497, 498; Aristotle's 56, 84, 86-87, 98; Hegel's 59; Heidegger's 65; Husserl's 62; in Chat-80 52; in Cyc 54, 55; independent 63, 69, 72, 76, 124, 497, 499; Kant's 57, 66; lattice of 72, 74-75, 123; matrix of 75; mediating 69, 70, 72, 76, 124, 125, 497, 500, 502, 530; of emotions 66-67; of forms 90; Peirce's 60, 122, 126, 127; physical 68, 69, 71, 75, 497, 500; relative 69, 72, 76, 497, 500, 501; top level 497; Whitehead's 63, 64, 65, 68, 72, 83, 85, 87, 90
category theory: 312; pullback 313; pushout 312-313
causal network: 253, 261
causality: 42, 55, 58-60, 76, 118, 216-218, 245-254, 261-263, 265, 337, 358, 398, 452, 504, 507, 528-529, 537, 543-544
certainty factor: 365-367, 371, 375, 407
cessation: 214

change: 214-217, 221, 226, 231, 245, 247-248, 250, 256; delayed 216; immediate 216
characteristic relation (Chrc): 32-34, 49, 71, 93, 149, 193, 439-440, 503-505, 525-526
Chat-80: 52, 53, 159
child: relation (Chld) 61, 84-88, 443, 462, 504, 547; stage of life 89, 269
Chinese room: 398
choice space: 243
Church-Rosser theorem: 22
Classic: 153-155
classification: 68, 87-89; biological 32, 81, 361-362; by definitional logics 19, 153; depends on intention 79-81; of emotions 66-67; of liquids 353-354; of processes 213-214; of syllogisms 2; Medical Subject Headers (MeSH) 495
clause form: 306; see also Horn-clause logic
CLIPS: 136-139, 145, 157, 161, 165-166, 168, 171, 199, 203-205, 381, 383, 404
closed world: 378; assumption 384
co-occurrence pattern: 445, 447, 449
COBOL: 169, 457-458
CODASYL Database Task Group: 168
collection: 97, 98, 100, 104, 108
collective noun: 108, 127
collective plural: 161, 210-211, 415
communication: 316; addressed or associative 236; synchronous or asynchronous 236
commutative diagram: 310, 312, 313
commutativity: 472
comparand relation (Comp): 504
competence levels: 187, 331, 339, 345
complementarity: 267, 268
completeness: 298
completion relation (Cmpl): 214-215, 447, 508
component: 74, 86, 88-89, 124
composite: 87, 88, 124
computational complexity: 382; combinatorial explosion 6, 248; exponential time 155, 290, 292, 537, 541; linear time 291-292, 382; NP complete 261; polynomial time 155, 383, 536, 537
computer-aided software engineering (CASE): 419, 459
conceptual analysis: 452; formal concept analysis 75
conceptual dependency theory: 293
conceptual graph: 476; actor 479; ANSI standard 25, 424; as metalanguage 38; concept 476; conceptual relation 476; measure contraction 35, 50; representing branches 221; representing context 173, 177; representing flow of control 221; representing grammar rule 430; representing loops 221; representing music 36, 254; representing names 33; representing nexus 85; representing nothing 128; representing parse tree 429; representing Petri net 219, 225, 254; representing plurals 161; representing procedures 221; representing recursive function 234; representing situations 207; representing syllogisms 24; representing time 215; representing triadic relations 125, 479; representing typed logic 24; translation to predicate calculus 208, 235; with Peirce's logic 23, 207
conceptual schema: 189, 418; modeling facility (CSMF) 452, 455-459
conceptualization: 69, 88
conditional relation (Cond): 234
consciousness: 333
constraint: 27, 240, 426; propagation 241
containment: 85
content word: 289, 455, 457, 518
context: 173, 268, 275, 425, 485; actual 294, 299; classification of 296; co-nested 485; conflicting definitions 274; delimiter 275; dependence 368; Hendrix's version 279; immediately nested 485; in conceptual graphs 276; in discourse representation theory 279; intentional 295, 299; McCarthy's version 286-299, 310; modal 294, 299; model theory 320; negation depth 302, 305; opaque 269; outermost 487; Peirce's version 275-277; pragmatics 275; representing nexus 270; semantics 275; syntax 275
context-free grammar: 281
contingent fact: 27, 273, 296, 308
continuant: 71-74, 76, 89-90, 118-120, 124, 212, 263, 494, 497, 499, 536-537
continuation: 214
continuity: 6, 16, 69, 103, 353, 363, 372
contraction: 387
contrast: 65, 68, 69; abstracted as relation 68
controlled natural language: see stylized natural language
conversational implicature: 282, 284, 320, 341, 463
coreference: 85; label 222, 280, 283, 340, 487; link 25, 31, 85, 213, 268, 283, 326, 340, 483, 486; set 486
correlational net: 207
correlative: 84, 86, 88, 124, 504, 505
counting: 14-15, 36, 174, 202; count noun 98, 446, 462; counter 228-229, 256; definition of number by 92, 102; see also cardinality
course of events: 337
critical path: 227
cryptarithmetic problem: 241
cut-and-paste theorem: 303-304
Cyc: 54-55, 66, 97, 294, 375, 412-413, 444, 458-459
C++: 169, 173

D

DANTE: 181-186
Dasein: 66
database reorganization: 439
dataflow diagram: 233, 235
Datalog: 383
De Morgan's laws: 472
declarative language: 223
deductive closure: 97, 310, 312, 319, 388-389, 544
default: 217, 451, 454-456, 463, 543-544; conflicting 380; in frames 375; inheritance of 381; prioritized 381, 392, 405-407
default logic: 376-377, 379-382
defeasible reasoning: 373
defining label: 487
definition: 129; constructive 104; explicit 92; extensional 99; implicit 93; intensional 99; methods of 4, 17, 24, 38, 92, 93; nonconstructive 102; recursive 93
definitional logic (also called description logic or terminological logic): 19, 155
Dempster-Shafer theory: 369
denotation: 98, 99, 100, 384
deontic logic: 27, 45, 297, 315
dependence: 63, 88
depiction: 399
description: 74, 315, 499; predicate (dscr) 29, 85, 87, 173-175, 208, 219, 222, 246, 269, 271, 285, 315-316, 318
descriptor: 483
design levels: 188
designator: 483
desire (orexis): 332
destination relation (Dest): 284, 478, 482, 508
determinant: 506
dicent sign: 396
differentia: 4, 7-8, 23, 43, 494, 498, 522
differential calculus: 6
differential equation: 216
discourse representation: theory (DRT) 278, 284, 517-518; structure (DRS) 13, 279, 299, 343, 458, 465-466, 517-520
disjoint: 101, 106, 155
disjunction: 467
distant past: 114
distinction: 55-57, 62, 65, 67-72, 75, 121, 124, 127, 129, 351, 353, 355, 357, 395, 400, 404; metalevel 61, 88, 112, 116, 122; see also gradation
distributed situation: 250
distributive plural: 210, 211, 415
distributivity: 472
domain: 51
domain expert: 134
domain knowledge: 454
dominant node: 486
duration relation (Dur): 15-16, 177, 225, 508
dynamic logic: 20, 42

E

Electronic Dictionary Research Institute (EDR): 412-413, 459, 495
effector relation (Efct): 509
egg-yolk diagram: 374
elaboration tolerance: 416, 444, 461
empty set: 98, 100
EMYCIN: 157
encapsulation: 137, 169, 171-175, 272, 320-322
encoded literal: 483
enterprise integration: 53; see also ontology, integration
enterprise model: 188, 189, 191
enterprise modeling: 451, 465
entity: 499
entity-relationship diagram: 423, 431
entropy: 117-119, 356
epistemic logic: 122, 296; see also autoepistemic logic
epistemology: 1
equivalence: 467
equivalence relation: 308
essence: 88, 507
evaluation function: 308
event: 206, 214, 251
event semantics: 206
event time: 340
event variables: 207
event-driven program: 235
existential graph: 23, 26, 276, 299-301, 476; as metalanguage 276; line of identity 276; oval enclosure 276; scroll 277; tincture 277, 294, 296, 299
existential quantifier: 469
existential referent: 483
existential-conjunctive logic: 17, 38, 147, 149, 155, 156, 163, 204
exogenous event: see surprise
experiencer relation (Expr): 280-281, 443, 448-449, 485-486, 509-510
expert system: 488
explanation: 388
Express language: 40
extension: 95, 99, 469
extensionality: 106
extensive abstraction: see mereology, Whitehead's version

F

facet: 136, 146-147, 443
failure: 214, 273
family resemblance: 361
Figura Universalis: 6
finite-state machine: 217, 223, 231, 249-251, 258-259, 261
firewall: 272, 321
first intentions: 27
first-order logic (FOL): 18-20, 28-30, 40-42, 46, 50
first-order type: 31-32
Firstness: 60-69, 88, 122, 125, 126, 388-389, 395-396, 401, 499, 502, 529, 545
flow chart: 218, 223, 231, 240-241, 431
fluent: 215-217, 245-246, 262; independent 216; locally independent 216; locally ramified 216; ramified 216; structurally ramified 216
fork: 231
form: 68-70, 72-73, 499
formal parameter: 18, 22, 24, 480-481
formalization: 133, 455
formation rule: 470
formula: 470
forward chaining: 138-139, 141, 156-157, 161, 165-166, 168, 171, 196, 198-201

frame: 136, 144, 147; facet 136, 443; mapping to objects 170; reasoning with 154; representing existential-conjunctive logic 248; slot 136, 145, 147, 151, 375, 502
frame problem: 143, 247-248, 316
Frame Representation Language (FRL): 145
free logic: 384, 385
free occurrence: 472
freedom: 297, 315, 542
function word: 457, 518
functional: language 235, 255; relation 233-235
fuzzy control system: 369-372
fuzzy logic: 20, 41, 364-366, 368, 373; criticism of 371
fuzzy set theory: 366

G

games: baseball 119, 127; bridge 390-391; chess 141, 391, 413; football 405; go 265-267, 339, 537; go-moku 265-267, 339, 537; hide and seek 333-335, 345-346, 437; horse, bird, and muffin 402; leapfrog 460-461, 545-546; poker 391, 449
gavagai: 343, 539
General Problem Solver (GPS): 157
generalization hierarchy: 19, 94
generalized union: 106
generate and test: 6, 240
generic concept: 152
Generic Frame Protocol (GFP): 145
genetic algorithm: 245
genus: 1, 4, 7, 23, 32, 494
goal: 157, 158, 507; telos 265, 507
God: 102, 250, 315, 333, 343, 352, 378, 542
government and binding: 293
gradation: 16, 69, 214, 353-354, 360, 364; see also distinction
grain: 121
grammar rule: 39, 181, 430, 452, 518
granularity: 62, 77, 121-122, 130; actual 122; epistemic 122; intentional 122, 356
ground: 192-193; see also symbol grounding

H

has test: 84, 124, 131, 499, 501-505
having (echein): 56, 84
hedging term: 366
heuristics: 245, 541, 545
hierarchy: 494, 497; of theories, see lattice of theories; of types 480, 487, 494
higher-order logic (HOL): 27, 41-42
history: 74, 217, 220, 226-227, 499
hole: 129-130
Horn-clause logic: 19-20, 41, 171, 306, 382
host language: 162
hotel reservation example: 48, 130, 205, 263, 407, 466, 513
hypernym-hyponym: 494

I

icon: 396-400
idempotency: 472
identity: 71, 73, 236, 267-270, 316, 539
identity condition: 120-121, 385, 494, 499-500
ignorance: 348
imagery (phantasia): 331-333; mental 365, 399
immanent: 506
import-export rules: 272, 276, 283, 298, 299, 306, 326, 329, 541; modal 315; qualified 307, 316, 317, 343
independence: 88
indeterminacy of translation: 342-343, 539
index: 396
indexical: 207-208, 215, 221, 250-251, 274, 318, 325-326, 339, 343, 368, 396, 407, 476, 483, 489, 526, 541-542; general 279; name as 287; not available in predicate calculus 280; resolving 279, 281, 283, 284, 340
individual concept: 152, 323
individual marker: 483
induction: from particulars 245, 357-358; mathematical 28, 42, 353
inertia: 250
inference engine: 77, 112, 135, 138-139, 165, 199-200, 237, 381
infimum: 97, 497
InfoBus: 236
informal specifications: 132
information retrieval: 180, 412
Information System Architecture (ISA): 188, 190, 191, 193, 205
information theory: 68, 117
inheritance: 3, 4, 8, 13, 22, 23, 52, 146, 451, 473; in frames and syllogisms 150; multiple 70, 151
inhibit arc: 261
initiation: 214
initiator relation (Init): 506-510
inner domain: 385
instance level: 423, 434
instance variable: 170
instantiation: 64, 136, 154, 178, 430, 500
instrument relation (Inst): 161, 207-209, 440-441, 463-464, 507, 509
integer time: 216
integrated system: 419
integrity constraint: 165, 423
intension: 95, 99, 100, 469
intention: 69-70, 72-73, 265, 272, 297, 307, 317, 321, 337, 347, 384, 499
intentionality: 62, 79, 213-215
interoperability: 494-495
interpretant: 192, 395
interpretation: 69, 79, 126, 133, 146, 213, 285, 342, 394, 400, 517, 547
interrogative mood: 296, 315, 542
intersection: 100, 107
intransitive verb: 446
intuitionistic logic: 19, 102

J

Java: 169, 170-171, 173, 191, 204, 205; observable 171; observer 171
join: 231
juncture: 73, 499

K

KIF: 25-26, 28, 33, 424-426, 428-430, 433-436, 453, 459, 489-492; ANSI standard 25, 424
KL-ONE: 151-153, 155
knowledge acquisition: 452
knowledge base: 487-488, 494-495, 497; of conceptual graphs 487
knowledge engineering: 132, 134
Knowledge Interchange Format: see KIF
knowledge levels: 186
Knowledge Representation Language (KRL): 145
knowledge representation, principles of: see principles of knowledge representation
knowledge source: 357, 392, 393, 396, 407
KRYPTON: 153

L

lambda calculus: 22-24, 32, 38
lambda expression: 148, 154-155, 197, 207, 222, 235, 480, 503
lattice: 7-8, 497, 527; of categories 72, 74-75, 123; of theories 94, 386; operations 96
lawgiver: 311, 314-315
learning: 75, 359-360, 363, 365, 394-400, 465, 496, 512
legisign: 396, 398, 400
legislation: 270, 313-314, 321, 343, 363
lexicon: 495
library database (LibDB): 465, 515-520,
lifting rules: see import-export rules
Linda language: 237, 239, 256-262, 265, 335, 337, 345, 534; operators 238, 258
linear logic: 19-20, 254
LISP: 235
literal: 483
local symbol: 323
location: 34, 76-77, 120, 191, 198, 248, 498, 500, 531; relation (Loc) 481, 509
locator: 483; see also uniform resource locator (URL)
locomotion: 332
logic programming: 138
logos: 55-56, 64, 67, 69, 270, 331, 343, 345, 542
LOOM: 155

M

machine translation: 412
manner relation (Manr): 89, 207-212, 505
MARGIE: 66
marker passing: 224
mass and energy: 76
mass noun: 98, 101, 103
mathematical logic: 6
matter: physical 67-68, 77, 90, 118-120, 129, 130; relation (Matr) 509
meaning: 68, 100, 125
meaning triangle: 125, 191-192
meaning-preserving translation: 288-291, 293-294, 341-343, 539
means-ends analysis: 248
measurement: 29-30, 79, 263, 372-373, 379, 536-537; granularity of 121-122; of information 117; of relevance 391-392; of time 206, 227-229, 536; relation (Meas) 34-36, 49-50, 505; represented in frames 146-152
mediation: 60-62, 64, 76, 79, 88, 125, 396, 528
medieval logic: 2, 4, 19, 26-28, 40, 62, 67, 277
medium relation (Med): 509
memory: episodic 454; semantic 454
memory leak: 231
memory organization packet (MOP): 293
mental process: 195
mereology: 98, 103-110, 113-115, 123; axioms for 104, 108; continuous 107; discrete 107; Goodman's version 107-109, 128; Les`niewski's version 103, 106; lumpy 107; nothing 105, 127-128, 530; Tarski's version 106; time-dependent 108, 118; Whitehead's version 103, 110
mereotopology: 123
meronomy: 494
message: 325; passing 236-237, 239, 259, 265, 325; producer-consumer 229
metalanguage: 20, 28-29, 38, 41, 49-50, 112-113, 420, 431
metalevel: 137, 193, 253-254, 275, 298, 333, 429, 431, 434, 487, 489, 517, 526, 542, 544-545; stratified 316, 318, 320, 339
metametalanguage: 29, 113
metametamodel: 436
metamodel: 431, 436
metaphor: 1, 309, 312, 331
metaphysics: 51, 56, 507
metatheorem: 304
metatheory: 113
metavariable: 489
Microplanner: 157-160, 163-164, 168-169, 200-203
microworld: 52
minimalist grammar: 293
modal auxiliary verb: 26
modal logic: 4, 7, 26, 27, 41, 42, 45; see also deontic logic and epistemic logic; System S4 45, 308, 312; System S5 45, 308, 312; System T 26-27, 45-46, 308, 312
mode: 195
model structure: 308
model theory: 20, 40, 41, 384
model-based reasoning: 248
modeling hypothesis: 364
monad: element 91; instant 91, 114-116; point 91-94, 113; transition 91, 218, 225
monotonic logic: 373, 378
morphology: 81, 181, 183-184
multimedia dialog manager (MDM): 453, 458
multiple paradigms: 400, 427
multivalued logic: 20, 364
musical notation: 15-17, 36, 38, 45, 201, 464, 548
MYCIN: 157

N

name: 29-31, 36, 38, 483, 542; alias 33, 39; clash 473; unique 33
natural deduction: 301, 305, 307
natural language processing: 157, 178, 180-181, 193, 414, 419, 442, 454; relationship to knowledge representation 178
necessity: 287, 296, 299, 308, 341
negation: 467; as failure 164, 261, 377-379, 531; as metalevel relation 164, 276
NETL: 381
neural network: 41, 365, 398-400, 428; hidden layer 400
nexus: 63-64, 68-70, 72-74, 85-87, 132, 270, 500
non-Euclidean geometry: 116
nondistributed middle term: 29
nonmonotonic logic: 19, 40, 250, 373, 376-379, 381-382, 388, 406
notational engineering: 20
now: 139, 140, 220, 250, 251
noêma: 62
noêsis: 62
nth-order type: 525
nutrition: 331, 333, 345

O

object: 73, 206, 500; class 51, 169; eternal 64, 65, 72, 90; identifier 323, 385; lexical type 79; nonlexical type 79; instance 323, 326; methods 324; time-bound 217; timeless 217
Object Constraint Language (OCL): 436
object language: 29, 113, 287, 316, 432, 435, 542
object-oriented: database 488; language 137; programming system (OOPS) 4, 8, 17, 27, 33, 169, 419, 423
observation: 393
occurrent: 71-77, 86, 89, 90, 118-120, 124, 212, 226, 263, 494, 497, 500, 505, 527, 530, 536, 537
ontological commitment: 15, 134-136
ontologically neutral representation: 492
ontology: alignment 409, 411-413, 493-497; axiomatized 493, 502; definition of 492; integration 53, 413, 419, 451, 494; mixed 495; prototype-based 361-363, 493, 495-496; refinement 100, 469, 496-497; sharing 408; terminological 493, 495, 497
open texture: 361
open world: 378
OPS5: 157, 168, 199, 200
optimization: 135, 159, 169, 201-202, 235, 241-244, 258, 260, 417, 535
origin relation (Orgn): 509
outer domain: 385
overlap: 105, 115

P

paradox of the heap (sorites): 353, 402, 404
parse tree: 181
part relation (Part): 23-24, 181-182, 428, 505
partial compatibility: 494, 495
partial ordering: 97, 98, 100, 106, 107
participant: 74, 89, 125, 209, 251, 270, 503, 506-511
participation: 73, 500
participation count: 431, 433
partitioned semantic network: 279
partonomy: see meronomy
passion (thymos): 332, 337
path relation (Path): 509
patient relation (Ptnt): 49, 207-209, 448-449, 462, 510
Peirce normal form: 289, 292, 343
Peirce-Peano notation: 11, 19, 43
perception: 62, 88, 285, 331-334, 364, 400; based on contrasts 68
persistence: 142, 143, 247, 249, 251
perspective: 61, 78, 88, 122, 130, 188, 354, 492
PERT chart: 226, 428
Petri net: 20, 178, 217, 218, 220-224, 324, 333, 337, 345-346, 428, 437, 465, 533-534, 536-537; active transition 225; acyclic 226; causality 218, 231, 235, 253-254, 261-263, 337, 537; colored 224, 226; computing with 235; decomposition into finite-state machines 258-259, 261, 335-336, 533-534; enabled transition 225; firing a transition 225; for clock 228; for producer-consumer 229, 232, 258; represented in logic 218; place 218, 251; theorems 231; token 220, 224, 251, 333; transition 218
phenomenal type: 80-81, 87
phenomenology: 62, 65-66, 400
physis: 67, 69, 270
piece: 89, 270
Planner: 157
PlayNet: 333
plurals: 23-24, 47, 58, 101, 103, 108, 159, 210, 415
point-in-time relation (PTim): 46-47, 173-175, 207-208, 221, 268-269, 510
possession relation (Poss): 505
possibility: 365; logical 296, 314, 542; objective 294, 296, 315, 542; relation (Psbl) 45, 281, 284, 294; subjective 294, 296, 314, 542
possible world: 307-308, 312; criticism of 309, 338; Dunn's laws and facts 311-312, 317; Hintikka's model sets 310-311; Kripke's model structures 308, 310-311, 337-338; Leibniz's version 6, 307, 309; maximally consistent 310
postcondition: 135, 177, 218, 221, 251, 325, 346
power set: 101
PowerLoom: 155
Praeclarum Theorema: 292, 301, 343
pragmatics: 293, 296, 395
pragmatism: 288, 536
precondition: 135, 177, 218, 221, 248-249, 251, 260, 325, 338, 346
predicate: 468
predicate logic: 9, 467, 469
prehension: 63-65, 68-70, 72-73, 83, 85, 87-88, 270-271, 501-502; extrinsic 87; intrinsic 87; prehending or prehended entity 83
primitive: 58, 84-86, 92-94, 100, 103, 110, 123, 128, 129, 468, 476, 482, 489, 495-496, 498-503, 522, 535; Leibniz's 69; type label 480; undefinable 76, 91, 93
principle of sufficient reason: 143, 247-248, 250, 329
principles of knowledge representation: 134-142
problem solving: 413, 415
procedural attachment: 149
procedural language: 223
procedure: 91, 94, 217, 220
process: 73, 220, 501; branching 216; concurrent 216, 223; continuous 213, 216, 261; discrete 213, 216, 261; distinctions 216; distributed 217; equinormal 217; flat 217; forgetful 217; hierarchical 217; linear 216; local 217; memory bound 217; normal 217; predictable 216; recursively hierarchical 217; sequential 216, 223; surprising 216; synchronization 229
product: 506
production rule: 165
Prolog: 19-20, 40-41, 138, 140-141, 157-165, 168-169, 199, 201, 203, 205, 377, 380-384, 404
proof: 19-20, 41
property: 469
proposition: 64, 69, 70, 72, 73, 289, 501; as equivalence class of statements 289; expressed by sentence 289; Whitehead's definition 65
propositional attitude: 295
propositional logic: 12, 40, 467
protoIndoEuropean: 342
prototype: 361, 493, 495
psyche: 192, 331-333, 345
public symbol: 323
purpose: 74, 501; relation (Purp) 273-274; see also axioms, for purpose
pushdown stack: 235

Q

qualisign: 396, 397, 400
qualitative reasoning: 123, 253
quality: 2
quantifier: 10-11, 13, 425, 483; defined 281, 489; extended 474; Frege's 10; Peirce's 10; restricted 476
quantum mechanics: 118, 120, 263, 267, 269, 356, 387, 445, 494
query: echo 422; graph 184, 426, 441; language 157; recursive 162; use of backtracking 157
question answering: 184, 413, 421, 441
Quine's criterion: 51-52, 135, 496
quote: 175

R

randomness: 348, 386
rational animal (zôon logon echon): 332
reason: 74, 501
recipient relation (Rcpt): 86, 125, 510
recursive diagram: 235
reference time: 207, 211, 214, 215, 340
referent: 424, 483
refinement: 496
reflexivity: 95, 308
relation: 468-469
relation hierarchy: 481, 487
relation label: 481
relation type: 478, 481, 502
relational database: 156, 488
relativity: 118, 263, 356
relevance logic: 19, 290
Renaissance: 4
representamen: 192
representation: 1, 76, 81, 178, 186-196
resolution theorem prover: 246
resource: 506-510
result relation (Rslt): 86, 449, 462, 510, 529
rete network: 168
rheme: 396
rhetoric: 395
robot: 187; web robot 330
role type: 80-83, 86-89, 124, 127, 267, 502-512; action expressed by 212; as fluent 216
rule of inference: 2, 7, 10, 13, 23, 25, 33, 40, 42, 45, 48, 276, 471; adding quantifiers 473; addition 472; conjunction 472; derived 22, 472; disjunctive syllogism 290, 472; dropping quantifiers 473; double negation 44-45, 306-307, 471-472, 540; existential generalization 473; generalized modus ponens 304-305; hypergeneralized modus ponens 306; hyperresolution 306; hypothetical syllogism 472; modus ponens 156, 303-305, 343, 382, 472; modus tollens 156, 472; Peirce's 279, 299, 301-307, 329, 343, 540; primitive 472; resolution 301; substituting equals for equals 32, 473; subtraction 472; universal instantiation 473
rule-based expert system: 154, 156
Russell's paradox: 102-103

S

salience: 392, 410
schema: 73, 74-75, 90-91, 130, 136, 143-144, 501
schematic anticipation: 144
Scholastics: 2, 4, 19, 26-28, 40, 62, 67, 277
scientific intelligence: 395-398
scope: 485, 486, 517
script: 73-75, 77, 90-91, 216, 220, 293, 501
scripting language: 141
second intentions: 28
second-order type: 30-32, 49
Secondness: 60-68, 79, 88, 122-127, 389, 395-396, 401, 501-502, 529-530, 545
self-awareness: 333
semantic distance: 495
semantic factoring: 497
semantic interpreter: 181
semantic network: 4, 19, 23, 40
semantics: 39-41, 62, 178, 181, 275-276, 284, 299, 309-312, 395
semaphore: 230
semi-open world: 379
semiotics: 81, 87, 394-402, 502; computational 402; Peirce's semeiotic 394; Saussure's semiology 394
set: at metalevel 112; compared with type 98; countable 101; infinite 101-104, 110; uncountable 101
set theory: 90, 94, 97, 100-101; Boole's version 100, 103; Cantor's version 100; ontological extravagance of 101; paradoxes 102; von Neumann-Gödel-Bernays (VNGB) 101; Zermelo-Fraenkel (ZF) 101
seven liberal arts: 153
SGML: 204
sheet of assertion: 488
SHRDLU: 157, 160, 165, 168-169, 171, 200-204, 401
sign: 81, 87-88, 188, 192-193, 394-404, 407, 502
signature: 248, 478, 480
signified: 395
signifier: 395
Simula 67: 137, 171, 190
simulation: 132, 135, 141, 171, 199, 393
simulation language: 137
single-assignment language: 234
singleton graph: 476
singleton set: 100
sinsign: 396, 397, 400
situatedness (keisthai): 56, 84, 86
situation: 74, 206-207, 268-269, 272-275, 284-285, 287, 298, 310, 312, 320, 332, 337, 339, 342, 501; as pullback 313; meaningful 287, 288, 342
situation calculus: 245, 246, 247, 249, 250; concurrent 251; finite-state machine 250
situation semantics: 285, 297, 310
snapshot: 119
SNePS: 293
softbot: 330
sort label: see type label
sorted logic: see typed logic
soundness: 298
source: 506
space: 109; absolute 262
space-time: 71, 76, 85, 103, 109, 110, 117, 119, 129
spatial form: 92, 119, 130
specialization: 95
species: 2, 4, 29, 31-32
speech time: 340
SQL: 40, 50, 156-166, 168, 169, 171, 191, 200-205, 239, 249, 260, 378-379, 383, 384, 404; view 161, 377, 536
stage: 71, 77, 86, 89, 119, 269, 500
star graph: 476
start relation (Strt): 225, 510
state-transition diagram: 217
statistics: 253, 372, 391, 404, 496; Bayesian 365, 369
stored relation: 469
stratified reasoning method: 248
STRIPS: 247, 248, 251, 260, 535
structure: 74, 502
stylized natural language: 2, 329, 406, 457, 461; Attempto Controlled English (ACE) 457-458, 465, 515-518; stylized English 139, 141, 177, 200, 203, 290, 346
subjective form: 64, 65, 68, 70, 79, 83
subjective probability: 365
subset: 98, 100, 104
substrate (hypokeimenon): 87, 88, 507
subsumption: 153, 155
subsumption architecture: 187
subsymbolic process: 400
success: 214, 273
successor relation (Succ): 86, 207, 340, 505
sufficient reason, principle of: see principle of sufficient reason
sum: 106
supplement: 105
supremum: 97
surprise: 216, 235-236, 239
surrogate: 32-35, 50, 134-135, 270, 323-324, 385, 526
swimlane: 437, 438
syllogism: 2-4, 6-8, 12-14, 19, 21, 24, 26, 29, 41, 48, 150; Barbara 3, 7-8, 48, 150-151; Celarent 3-4, 48, 155; Darii 3, 7-8, 12, 21, 24, 48, 150-151, 154; Ferio 3-4, 48, 155; middle term 12, 25, 29; premise 2
symbol: 396, 400
symbol grounding: 285
symbolic logic: 2, 467
symmetry: 95-96, 308
synset: 412
system model: 188, 190

T

tablature: 464
Tao: 56, 345
Tarski's solid geometry: 110, 530
task: 231
tautology: 95
technology model: 188, 190
temporal logic: 4, 20, 27, 42, 46, 140, 215
tense: 206-211, 214-215, 254, 339-340, 343; compound 214; simple 214
term: 470
terminological logic: 19
terminological reasoner (T-box): 7, 153, 154, 155
terminology: 1-2, 153
thematic role: 89, 207, 272, 506-510
theme relation (Thme): 35, 161, 182, 211, 280, 462-463, 510
theorem proving: 135, 137, 139, 141-142
theory of reference: 39
theory revision: 248, 386, 388, 390, 404, 406
thesis-antithesis-synthesis: 59
third-order type: 32, 525
Thirdness: 60-68, 70, 79, 88, 122, 124-127, 389, 395-396, 401, 501-502, 527-530, 545
thought (dianoia): 331, 332
thread: 231
time: 65, 71-73, 76-77, 90-91, 109, 114-115, 206; absolute 262; arrow of 117-119; explicit representation of 215
time dependencies: 417
time line: 115-116, 119
time stamp: 220
timing diagram: 226
topology: 90, 130; mereotopology 123; point-set 123
Torah: 542
transformation rule: 281, 488
transformational grammar: 293
transitive verb: 337, 446-449, 462
transitivity: 95, 165, 433-435, 474, 532
translating English to logic: 161
Tree of Porphyry: 4, 43, 56, 153, 331
triads: 58-65, 68, 88, 125
trichotomy: 67, 69, 88, 285, 395, 407, 502; formal 396; material 396; relational 396
trigger: 66, 135, 161, 166-170, 184, 200, 204, 236, 240, 321, 325-326, 381-382, 517
tritone: 17, 38, 200-201
truth function: 468
truth maintenance: 381, 541
truth table: 8-9, 40-41, 47-48, 468, 541, 543
truth value: 8-9, 20, 40, 47, 234, 254, 308-310, 315-317, 342, 364, 371-373, 467-469
Turing machine: 94, 235, 292, 458, 466
two-valued logic: 20, 41, 364, 372, 391
type: 51, 97, 98, 478
type label: 21, 424, 455, 473, 476, 480
typed logic: 20-25, 30, 32, 42, 44, 50, 473

U

uncertainty: 348, 365, 369, 390-391
unification: 148, 168, 494, 497
Unified Modeling Language (UML): 218, 235, 435-436, 438, 459, 465
uniform resource locator (URL): 34, 385
uninterpreted logic: 20
union: 98, 100, 107
unique existential quantifier: 475
Universal Characteristic: 7
universal language: 419
universal plan: 338
universal quantifier: 469
universal set: 98, 100
universal theory: 387
universe of discourse: 295-296, 299, 316, 488
update anomaly: 172

V

vagueness: 348, 350, 352-353, 360, 365, 372, 402, 404; unwarranted quantification of 371
valence: 478, 481
value restriction: 153
variable: 470; see also existential graph, line of identity
viewpoint: 71, 76, 109
virtual reality: 364, 365
virtual relation: 469
vivid logic: see existential-conjunctive logic
Vorhandene: 65, 401

W

wakefulness: 333
will (boulêsis): 332, 337
word sense: 410, 414, 443, 448, 449, 492
WordNet: 412, 413, 459, 495, 497

Y

Yale shooting problem: 249

Z

Zeno's paradox: 116, 117
zooming: 175
Zuhandene: 65, 401

Special Symbols

absurd type ^: 72-73, 100, 480-481, 498
conjunction �: 11, 47, 302, 467
denotation operator d: 98-100, 384-385, 476
disjunction �: 11, 47, 100, 261, 302, 467
equivalence �: 11, 35-36, 47, 96-97, 467-468, 471
evaluation function F: 308-310, 312, 337-338
exactly-one quantifier $!: 106, 233, 456, 475
exclusive or &xor;: 8-9, 47, 468
existential quantifier $: 10-11, 13, 16-17, 51, 147, 276-277, 289, 360, 469, 483-484
formal parameter marker l: 22, 24, 207, 272, 480-482
formula operator f: 219, 222, 476
generic plural {*}: 47, 161, 210, 211, 415
indexical marker #: 49-50, 207-208, 220-221, 274, 279-283, 325-327, 339-340, 436, 483, 489
material implication �: 9, 467
nand &nand;: 47, 468
negation ~: 11, 47, 467-468
nor &nor;: 47, 468
provability |-: 298, 298, 305, 318, 344, 388
relation map r: 435
semantic entailment |=: 85, 285, 298, 310-313, 318, 389
unique existential quantifier $!!: 475
universal quantifier ": 10-11, 13, 27, 163-164, 360, 469, 474, 489
universal type T: 68, 72, 474, 480, 498

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